RELIGIOUS GROUP IDENTITY AND SOCIAL COHESION: A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS IN CALABAR, NIGERIA

Abstract

This study explores how religious group identity influences social cohesion among Christian denominations in Calabar, Nigeria. Grounded in Social Identity Theory, Conflict Theory, and the Contact Hypothesis, the research investigates the dual function of denominational identity in fostering both internal unity and external division. A key problem addressed is that in Calabar’s multi-ethnic and politically sensitive context, denominational identities often align with ethnic and class structures reinforcing both inclusion and exclusion within the Christian community. Despite shared beliefs, persistent divisions are driven by theological elitism, evangelistic competition, and unequal power dynamics. Using a mixed-methods design, the study surveyed 385 participants and conducted 48 interviews across various Christian groups in Calabar. Quantitative findings show a high degree of religious identity internalization (M = 4.36), strong in-group loyalty (M = 4.28), and active religious engagement (M = 4.45). In contrast, intergroup attitudes were moderately positive (M = 3.61), indicating limited ecumenical interaction. Thematic analysis identified five key themes: denominational identity, in-group loyalty, internal involvement, cautious intergroup relations, and spiritual involvement. The study concludes that while denominational affiliation offers emotional security and spiritual direction, it also creates rigid social boundaries that hinder broader Christian unity. It recommends intentional ecumenical initiatives, cross-cultural religious education, and psychosocial interventions to address these tensions. This research contributes to knowledge by providing an empirically grounded, context-specific analysis of how religious identity shapes social cohesion within Christian communities in Nigeria.